Pakistan vs India War 2016
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Recently India alleged a series of ceasefire violations—in the form of automatic weapons fire—by Pakistan on the border between the two countries. According to India, it was the sixth attack in just few days. Such events are a reminder that tension remains high on the Indian subcontinent.
The nuclear arsenals of both sides—and the red lines that would trigger their use have made conventional war much more risky to conduct. The 1999 Kargil War is considered the closest the world has come to a nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. If India were to use its superiority in ground forces to seize a sizable amount of Pakistani territory, Pakistan could respond with nuclear weapons.
It’s distinctly possible that any future war between India and Pakistan would involve limited action on the ground and full-scale fighting at sea and in the air. India has the upper hand in both, particularly at sea where it would have the ability to blockade Pakistani ports. Pakistan imports 83% of its gasoline consumption, and without sizable reserves the economy would feel the effects of war very quickly. An economic victory, not a purely military one might be the best way to decisively end a war without the use of nuclear weapons.
With that scenario in mind, let’s look at the five Indian weapons Pakistan would fear most in a war.
INS Vikramaditya Aircraft Carrier
Commissioned in November 2013, INS Vikramaditya is the newer and more modern of India’s two aircraft carriers. In the event of war, Vikramaditya would lead an offensive at sea designed to sweep the Pakistani Navy from the field. The nightmare scenario for Pakistan would be Vikramaditya parked off the coast of Karachi, Pakistan’s largest port, enforcing a naval blockade.
Originally built for the Soviet Navy as the anti-submarine aviation cruiser Baku, Vikramaditya was mothballed in 1996 after it became clear post-Cold War Russia could not afford to operate her. The ship was purchased by India in 2004, to be upgraded by Russian shipbuilders to a true aircraft carrier complete with angled flight deck. The updated design deleted all cruiser armament, including two 100mm deck guns, 192 SA-N-9 surface to air missiles and 12 SS-N-12 Sandbox anti-ship missiles.
Vikramaditya is 282 meters long and displaces 44,000 tons, making it less than half the displacement of American supercarriers. Nevertheless Vikramaditya’s powerful air wing is capable of executing air superiority, anti-surface, anti-ship and anti-submarine warfare. The carrier air wing is expected to consist of 24 MiG-29k or Tejas multi-role fighters and 10 anti-submarine warfare helicopters. India has ordered 45 MiG-29Ks, with the first squadron, 303 “Black Panthers” Squadron, stood up in May 2013.
INS Chakra Nuclear Attack Submarine
While INS Vikramaditya would be the visible symbol of a naval blockade, perhaps the real enforcers would be India’s force of 14 attack submarines. The most powerful of India’s submarines is INS Chakra, an Akula-II nuclear-powered attack submarine.
INS Chakra would be able to fulfill a variety of wartime tasks. It would be a real threat to Pakistan’s Navy, particularly her 11 frigates and eight submarines, only three of which are reasonably modern. Chakra is also capable of covertly laying mines in Pakistani waters and conduct surveillance in support of a blockade.
Construction of the submarine that would become Chakra began in 1993, but stalled due to lack of funding. In 2004 the Indian Navy agreed to fund the sub to completion—at a cost of $900 million—in exchange for a future 10 year lease with an option to buy. Delivery to the Indian Navy was supposed to take place in 2010, but transfer was delayed after a 2008 accident that killed 20 Russian Navy personnel and wounded another 21.
At 8,000 tons displacement, Chakra is as large as U.S. Virginia-class nuclear submarines. It has a maximum speed of 30 knots with a maximum operating depth of reportedly 520 meters. The sub not only has a customary large sonar hydrophone array on the bow, but also active and passive arrays scattered over the rest of the hull. Chakra also features a pod-mounted towed hydrophone array.
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Main Inter-Service branches
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1-Army
After the British Empire partitioning the British India in 1947, the Pakistan Army came into existence which was formed by the Indian Muslims officers serving in the British Indian Army.[113] A largest branch of the nation's military, it is a professional, volunteer fighting force, with (although estimates vary widely) about 550,000 active personnel and 500,000 reserves.[114][115]Although, the Constitution does provide a philosophical basis for the service draft but it has never been imposed in Pakistan.[116] A single command structure based at Rawalpindi Cantt and is known as GHQ, which is adjacent to the Joint Staff HQ.[27] The army is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), by statue a four-star army general, is appointed by the President, with the consultation and confirmation of the Prime Minister.[117] As of current appointment, General Raheel Sharif is the chief of army staff of the army.[118][119] From the army, GeneralRashad Mahmood is the also the current Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[120] The army has the wide range of corporate, commercial, and political interests, and in many occasion, it has been involved in seizing the control of the civilian government to restore and balance the order in the country.[121]
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The Aviation Corps reportedly operates about 250 aircraft, including 40 AH-1 Cobra combat helicopters. The army's strategic commands currently operates a wide range of missile systems in its inventory.[122] In spite of Pressler amendment enforced in the 1990s, the army has been focused on ingenious development on land-based weapon systems and production of military hardware.[123] Major local innovation resulted in the successful development of G3A3 rifles, Anza systems, al-Zarrar and al-Khalid MBTs.[123]
Since 1947, the army has been militarily involved with three wars with neighboring India, and several border skirmishes with Afghanistan.[124] Due to Pakistan's diverse geography, the army has an extensive combat experience in diverse terrains.[125] The army has maintained a strong presence in the Arab world during the Arab-Israeli Wars, aided the coalition in the first Gulf War, and played a major role in combat in the Bosnian war as well as rescuing trapped American soldiers in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993. Recently, major joint-operations undertaken by the army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat, against armed insurgents within Pakistan. The army has also been an active participant in UN missions.[30]
2-Air Force
Came into existence in 1947 with the establishment of famed Air Force Academy, the Pakistan Air Force is regarded as the "powerful defence component of the country's defence." After the partition, the prefix Royal was added in 1947; the prefix was dropped when Pakistan became anIslamic republic in 1956. The Pakistan Air Force is the seventh largest air force in the world and the largest in the Islamic world, with about ~943 combat fighter jets and over 200 trainer, transport, communication, helicopter, and force multiplier aircraft. A single command structure based atRawalpindi Cantt and is known as AHQ, adjacent to the Joint Staff HQ. The air force is commanded by the Chief of Air Staff (CAS), by statue afour-star air chief marshal, is appointed by the President, with the consultation and confirmation of the Prime Minister of Pakistan As of current appointment, Air Chief Marshal Sohail Aman is the chief of air staff of the air force.
In many important events in Pakistan's memory, the air force has played a pivotal, influential, and extremely crucial role nation's defence and national security issues as well as promoting the sense of security in the civil society. In addition, its military importance and criticality in public perception contributes to dominance by the air force over other inter-service branch. Poised on the threshold of tomorrow, the air force officially uses its slogan: "Second to None"; fully abreast with the requisite will and mechanism to live by its standards in the coming millennium and beyond."
Historically, the air force has heavily dependent on American, Chinese, and French-built aircraft technology to support its growth, despite the imposing Pressler amendment.While the F-16s continues to be a backbone of the air force,[133] the local development and quick production of the JF-17 have provided an alternative route to meet its combat aerial requirements. According to PAF accounts, the air force plans retire several of its agingFrench-licensed Mirage-III and Mirage 5 fighter jets.
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Joint production with Chinese AF of a light-weight multirole combat aircraft and further avionics development of the JF-17 is ongoing at the Aeronautical Complex; the ~150 JF-17 are expected to be operational by 2016 with intention of retiring all F-7P, Mirage III, and Mirage V fighter jets.[100] The F-7PG will be replaced later, and the JF-17 fleet may eventually be expanded to 300 aircraft.[136] Realizing the importance of fifth-generation, the PAF successfully negotiated for the procurement of ~36 FC-20 fighter jets–a deal worth around $1.4 bn signed in 2009.[137][138] It is expected that the FC-20 will be delivered in 2015.[139] In close coordination with Turkish Aerospace Industries, the Aeronautical Complex engaged in aMLU program of its ~26 F-16A/Bs.[140] In 2010, the air force procured at least ~18 new-built F-16C/D Block 52s under the Peace Gate-II by the United States.
In 2009, the air force inducted the two types of AEW&Cs systems aircraft: four Saab 2000 Erieye from Sweden, and six –a Chinese AWACS based on the Shaanxi Y-8F cargo aircraft.[142] Four Il-78 aerial tankers, capable of refueling the F-16s, Mirage III, Mirage V, JF-17s and FC-20, have been acquired second-hand from Ukrainian surplus stocks.[143][144][145] The fleet of FT-5 and T-37 trainers is being replaced by around 75 K-8 Karakorum intermediate (jet) training aircraft.[146] Other major developments on avionics,robotics, computer systems, radars, and AEW&CS systems are continue to be underdeveloped by the local aerospace industries;[147] some of its electronic systems were exhibited inIDEAS 2014 held in Karachi.[148] Since the 1960s, the air force has been regularly combat military exercises such as Exercise Saffron Bandit and Exercise High Mark modeled on theU.S.-based TOPGUN; many authors believe the PAF is capable of mastering the methods of ""toss-bombing", since the 1990s.
Existence of the navy came into 1947 by the Indian Muslims naval officers serving in Royal Navy, the prefix Royal was added until it was dropped when Pakistan became an Islamic republic in 1956.[151] Its prime responsibility is to provide protection of nation's sea ports, marine borders, ~1,046km (650 mi) coastlines, and supporting the nation's national security and peacekeeping missions.[152] Currently commissioned ~71 warships and ~36,000 active duty personnel, its operational scope has since increased and expanded given to the greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling and trafficking issues.[153]
A single command structure is based at the Rawalpindi Cantt, and is known as NHQ, adjacent to the Joint Staff HQ. The navy is commanded by the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), who is by statue a four-star admiral, appointed by the President, with the required consultation and confirmation of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[117] As of current appointment, AdmiralMuhammad Zakaullah is the chief of naval staff of the navy.
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Since its inception, the Navy heavily depended on the American-built naval technology and operated a large infrastructure from 1947-71.[151] The Navy Day is celebrated on 8 September to commemorate its service in 1965 war.[155] After the 1971 war with India, the navy lost its 1/3 its force in the war.[155] The U.S. Embargo placed in the 1990s, the navy engaged in mastering the AIP technology bought from French Navy and built the Agosta-90Bs, in which, two of these (as well as one of the new frigates) were built at Pakistan's own facilities in Karachi.[156] The navy's Surface Fleet consists of helicopter carriers, destroyers, frigates, amphibious assault ships, patrol ships, mine-countermeasures, and miscellaneous vessels.[157] Established in 1972, the Naval Air Arm provides fleet air defence, maritime reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. Donated by the air force, the Navy pilots now operates the Mirage 5 equipped with Exocet system.[157] Its fleet of P-3C Orion, equipped with ELINT system, plays a pivotal role in navy's gathering on intelligence.[158] Since 2001, the navy has emphasized its role and now expanded its operational scope in all over the country with the establishment of the Naval Strategic Forces Command which is based in Islamabad.
In the 1990s, the navy lost its opportunity to equip itself with latest technology and was forced to negotiate with the Royal Navy to acquire aging destroyers which were continued to be extensively upgraded, under very favourable conditions in 1993-94.[157] During the same time, the Navy engaged in process of self-reliance and negotiated with China for assistance.[157]This ultimately led the introduction of F-22P frigates which were designed and developed at the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works; also the same time, the Agosta-90B were also built.[157] Its role in War on Terror led to a rapid modernization, which saw the induction of the PNS Alamgir–anti-submarine warship– in 2011.[159] The submarines are remain to be backbone of the navy,[160] and is now developing an ingenious nuclear submarine.[161] Since 2001, the media reports have been surfaced that navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike capability by developing naval variants of the nuclear cruise missile.[162] The Babur cruise missile has a range of 700 km and is capable of using both conventional and nuclear warheads.[163] Future developments of Babur include capability of being launched from submarines, surface combatants as well as range extension from 500 km to 1000 km. The Airborne version ofBabur, Ra'ad, has already been successfully tested.[163] Since the 1990s, the navy has been conducting a joint naval exercise and has been participated in CTF-150 and the CTF-151.[164]
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4-Marines
Recommendations by the Navy roughly based on Royal Marines, the Pakistan Marines were established in September 1971 to undertake riverine operations in the East Pakistan. The Marines saw its first combat actions in Barisal during the East-Pakistani crises, fighting against the Indian Army.Due to poor combat performance in the war, high losses and casualties, and inability to effectively counter the Indian Army, the Marines were decommissioned by the Navy by 1974. However, Marines continued to exist in its rudimentary form till 1988 to meet fundamental security requirements of Pakistan Navy units. In 1990, the Marines were recommissioned under Commander M. Obaidullah.
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The Marines are not the separate branch but an amphibious component of the Navy and its appointments directly comes from the Navy.Therefore, it shares the similar rank code with the Navy; though the combat training is provided by the army at the PMA Kakul. Its single command structure is based at the Qasim Marine Base in Karachi and the Marines are under the command of the Commander Coast (COMCOAST), by statue a two-star rank Rear-Admiral.[171] According to the ISPR, the Marines are deployed at the southeastern regions of Pakistan to avoid infiltration and undercover activities from the Indian Army.
As of current appointment, Rear Admiral Bashir Ahmed is currently serving as the commandant of marines. Handful Marine Battalions are deployed at theSir Creek regionto deter Indian Army, and coordinated the relief efforts in flash floods occurred in 2010. Almost an entire combat contingent of Marines were deployed in Sindh andPunjab to lead the flood relied operations in 2014.
Badge logo of Pakistan Marines.
For intelligence purposes, the army immediately raised the combat battalion of the Marines, from the officers of the Navy, in 1999. Major intelligence activities are gathered from the Sir Creek region by the Marines, and the entire battalion is deployed at the region to conduct its recon activity to manage its military intelligence in advance.
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Pakistan Armed Forces
Since the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement, the military has had close military relations with China, working jointly to develop the JF-17, the K-8, and other weapons systems. As of 2013 China is the second largest foreign supplier of military equipment to Pakistan.[2] Both nations also cooperate on development of nuclear and space technologyprograms.[3][4][5] Their armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises.[6] The military also maintains close military relations with the United States, which gave Pakistan major non-NATO ally status in 2004. Pakistan gets the bulk of its military equipment from local domestic suppliers, China, and the United States.[2]
The armed forces were formed in 1947 when Pakistan became independent from the British Empire.[7] Since then, the armed forces have played a decisive role in the modernhistory of Pakistan, fighting major wars with India in 1947, 1965 and 1971, and on several occasions seizing control of the civilian government to restore order in the country.[7]Border clashes with Afghanistan led to the creation of paramilitary forces to deal with civil unrest and secure border areas. In 2010, the military had approximately 617,000 personnel on active duty, with 513,000 in the reserves, 304,000 in the paramilitary forces, and approximately 20,000 serving in the Strategic Plans Division forces, giving a total of almost 1,451,000.[8] The armed forces have a large pool of volunteers and as such, conscription is not, and has never been needed.[9]
The Pakistan Armed Forces are the best organized institution in Pakistan, and are highly respected in civil society.[10] Since the founding of Pakistan, the military has played a key role in holding the state together, promoting a feeling of nationhood and providing a bastion of selfless service.[11] In Addition, the Pakistan Armed Forces are the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed overseas in 2007.[12] Other foreign deployments have consisted of Pakistani military personnel serving as military advisers in African and Arab countries. The Pakistani military has maintained combat divisions and brigade-strength presences in some of the Arab countries during the Arab-Israeli Wars, and the first Gulf War to help the Coalition, as well as the Somalian and Bosnian conflicts.
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Members and officials of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
| Inter-Service appointment | Four-star tier and official | Inter-Service branch | Tenure (hierarchy by date of appointment) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee | General Rashad Mahmood |  Pakistan Army | 27 November 2013 |
| Chief of Air Staff |  Pakistan Air Force | 19 March 2015 | |
| Chief of Army Staff | Pakistan Army | 29 November 2013 | |
| Chief of Naval Staff |  Pakistan Navy | 2 October 2014 |
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